Acceptance of Loss in Eveline and Hills Like White Elephants

The End of Love and Acceptance of Loss in â€Å"Eveline† by James Joyce and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway At least once in a lifetime, most people will experience the end of a love and have to deal with the difficulties of moving on. The end of a romance can occur either through choosing to leave your other half or being the one who is left. In the short stories â€Å"Eveline† by James Joyce and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway there are particularly good examples of the end of love and acceptance of loss. The end of a relationship should not be looked at as the end of the world, but as a chance to grow from the experience. The women in these stories both felt pain from their losses but in the words of Alfred†¦show more content†¦Eveline knew that if she went to Buenos Aires with Frank she would have a better life, but she also knew that she did not love Frank, although â€Å"she had begun to like him† (Joyce 659). When she left Frank at the docks it was the end of a love. It was not the end of her love for him, but of his belief that Ev eline loved him. â€Å"Her chief concern is herself; she resolves to elope mainly to avoid reliving her mothers futile life†(Dilworth 456). However, what Eveline truly desires isnt Frank but freedom for herself. â€Å"All the seas of the world tumbled about her heart. He was drawing her into them: he would drown her†, if she goes with Frank she will be free from her father but she is still worried that she will end up trapped in a loveless marriage just like her mother(Joyce 661). â€Å"After all, her mothers marriage to her father must subconsciously condition her anticipation of married life†(Dilworth 456). At the end of the story it is clear that Frank does love Eveline, but as soon as she made the choice to stay with her father their love ended. For Eveline it is easy to accept the loss of marriage with Frank but the loss of the chance at a new life is harder. The story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway is a story that describes a short conversation shared by two lovers at a train station. The conversation is difficult to understand at first, but

Hamlet, the Melancholy One Essay - 3212 Words

Hamlet, the Melancholy One Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet features the most famous protagonist in English literature – Hamlet. Inseparable from his character is the melancholy which permanently afflicted him. This essay concerns itself with this aspect of Hamlet. Harry Levin explains the choices open to the melancholy hero in the General Introduction to The Riverside Shakespeare: The explanation of Hamlet, â€Å"What a piece of work is a man!† (II.ii.303), carries an ironic reverberation. His melancholy gaze looks up and down: skyward toward â€Å"this brave o’erhanging firmament† and earthward toward the grave. Those two portraits which he shows to the Queen illustrate man’s potentialities for good and for evil. The†¦show more content†¦(35) Horatio and Marcellus exit the ghost-ridden ramparts of Elsinore intending to enlist the aid of Hamlet. The prince is dejected by the â€Å"o’erhasty marriage† of his mother to his uncle less than two months after the funeral of Hamlet’s father (Gordon 128). There is a post-coronation social gathering of the court, where Claudius insincerely pays tribute to the memory of his deceased brother. Hamlet is present, dressed in black, the color of mourning, for his deceased father. His first words say that Claudius is A little more than kin and less than kind, indicating a disapproval of the new king’s values. Hamlet’s first soliloquy is quite depressing; it emphasizes the frailty of women – an obvious reference to his mother’s hasty and incestuous marriage to her husband’s brother: Must I remember? why, she would hang on him, As if increase of appetite had grown By what it fed on: and yet, within a month-- Let me not think ont--Frailty, thy name is woman!-- A little month, or ere those shoes were old With which she followd my poor fathers body, Like Niobe, all tears:--why she, even she-- O, God! a beast, that wants discourse of reason, Would have mournd longer--married with my uncle, My fathers brother, but no more like my father Than I to Hercules: within a month: Ere yet the salt of mostShow MoreRelated Melancholy in Hamlet Essay1039 Words   |  5 Pages Melancholy in Hamletnbsp;nbsp; Melancholy has caused many to look down on the world and themselves, driving themselves to suicide or treating their life like it has no meaning. 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Marketing Strategy and Plan Potential and Resources

Question: Describe about the Marketing Strategy and Plan for Potential and Resources. Answer: Introduction The construction sector in Turkey is a growing sector that has a lot of potential and resources in it and it generates employment to a large number of the residents of Turkey. The construction sector in Turkey grew by 7.1% in 2013. In 2012, the scenario was a lot different than this. In the last few years the Turkish construction sector developed only by 0.6%. The construction industry in Turkey is one of the leading sectors that lead the economy of the country. The construction sector has maintained a sustainable growth in the year 2012. The performance of this sector was not very high in 2013 and in the early 2014, but the growth in this industry remains to be higher than the growth of the entire economy. The long term and medium goals of the industry remains to be positive as the population in the country is increasing and the income from the urban sector is also rising. The construction industry in Turkey is highly competitive in nature. Some of the companies that lead the constr uction industry include Tekfan, TAV, Gama, Enka among a few others (Cakmak and Cakmak, 2014). Quality of construction industry Nowadays most business functions in competitive markets. Same is the case with the construction industry in Turkey. There are different ways which the firms can adopt to gain competitive edge over its rivals. The construction industry in turkey should play to its strength in order to gain advantage in the field of competition. The construction industry in Turkey produces quality products to the huge customer base. They produce superior quality products at cheaper prices. The services and products which the construction industry offers reach its customers in a very short span of time. Ilk Construction is a company in Turkey which is renowned for its best quality materials. The best quality services offered by the construction industry keep them in the top rank in the economy (Clfik et al. 2014). Marketing strategy of construction industry The marketing strategy of the construction industry of Turkey is note worthy. The Turkish construction industry follows a very strong marketing strategy in order to increase its target market, to satisfy its customers and to build long term relation with the customers to increase their profitability and to gain competitive advantage over its rival sectors. An example of a construction firm in turkey that is famous for its marketing strategy is Yapi Merkezi Insaat ve Sanayi As. There are certain particularities present in the construction industry which makes it very different from service and industrial sectors. An important marketing strategy that the construction firms undertake is that they promote their capabilities to meet and fulfil the demands of their customers to the greatest extent. This leads to value added in construction business (Gndz et al. 2012). Information technology as a strategic source The construction industry of Turkey largely depends on the information technology to expand their business and to increase profit. The use of information technology has created many opportunities and advantages in the construction industry in the exchange of information and accessibility and collaboration with its customers. The Turkish construction industry is an industry that is highly dependent on exchange of information and resources. As the complexity of the construction projects increases, the firms in the construction industry take the help of IT to do dealings with their partners. Nata Construction Tourism Trade and Industry Co. is a construction firm in Turkey that depends on information technology for its business dealings. (Grcanli and Mngen 2013). Knowledge management The construction industry of Turkey has a structure that is project based. In such a scenario knowledge management becomes necessary for improved performance of business, to satisfy customers and for innovation and invention of new strategies. Researchers have observed that if the Turkish construction industry aims to hold its high position in the economy and to continue to satisfy its customers to the highest level then the industry should pay special attention to the proper management of organisational knowledge. The knowledge management process of the construction industry involves proper interaction among technology, process and people. The proper knowledge management is of utmost importance for construction firms to maintain their standards in the industry. IC Ictas Insaat Sanayi ve Ticaret AS is a construction firm in Turkey that excels in knowledge management. (Kazaz et al. 2012). Innovation in construction industry Innovation is the process of transforming new ideas into opportunities and scope of the industry. These new ideas then get implemented within the industry to produce new and improved products and services that adds value to the business process. The Turkish construction industry exists in a very competitive environment. To stand out in this competitive world the construction industry should implement innovative ideas and strategies in their functioning. Innovation gives a competitive edge to the industry. The uniqueness of the services and products offered by the industry increases their customer satisfaction. Innovation may also save the cost and time of production of the construction industry. Yuksel Insaat Co. Inc is a highly innovative construction company in Turkey. (Ozkan et al. 2012). Performance management in construction industry The management of performance of the business is of prime importance to maintain high profit and turnover of the business. Businessmen usually measure the performance of their business in terms financial turnover and profit achieved. Nowadays the construction industry has resorted to measure its performance by the use of conceptual models or some measurement techniques. This helps them to compare, quantify and manage their performance levels. High performance levels show that the industry is capable for strategic management. Atlas Texas Construction and Trading Inc is a construction firm in Turkey with high levels of performance management. (Sousa et al. 2014). Conclusion The report throws light on the features and functioning of the construction industry in Turkey. The report discusses in details about the quality of the products produced by the industry, the marketing strategy of the industry. The report highlights the dependence of the industry on information technology and discusses the performance management policy of the construction industry of Turkey. References: Cakmak, E. and Cakmak, P.I., 2014. An Analysis of causes of disputes in the construction industry using analytical network process.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, pp.183-187. Clfik, M., Sarikaya, O. and Altun, H., 2014. Causes of delays in construction projects in Turkey. In11th International congress on advances in civil engineering. Gndz, M., Nielsen, Y. and zdemir, M., 2012. Quantification of delay factors using the relative importance index method for construction projects in Turkey.Journal of Management in Engineering,29(2), pp.133-139. Grcanli, G.E. and Mngen, U., 2013. Analysis of construction accidents in Turkey and responsible parties.Industrial health,51(6), p.581. Kazaz, A., Ulubeyli, S. and Tuncbilekli, N.A., 2012. Causes of delays in construction projects in Turkey.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,18(3), pp.426-435. Ozkan, F., Ozkan, O. and Gunduz, M., 2012. Causal relationship between construction investment policy and economic growth in Turkey.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,79(2), pp.362-370. Shehu, Z., Endut, I.R., Akintoye, A. and Holt, G.D., 2014. Cost overrun in the Malaysian construction industry projects: A deeper insight.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), pp.1471-1480. Sousa, V., Almeida, N.M. and Dias, L.A., 2014. Risk-based management of occupational safety and health in the construction industryPart 1: Background knowledge.Safety science,66, pp.75-86.

The objective of the coursework Essay Example

The objective of the coursework Essay The objective of the coursework to investigate the companys behavior on the market and its prices2. The importance of the economic analysis for every company is essential to know how the local market operates and how it could take advantage of it. Another important thing is that every company should be aware of its own economic state.3. The company under investigation AIMS Human Capital Bulgaria.4. Methodology:* Companys background* Services it provides* Target markets* SWOT Analysis* Price, financials and future predictions5. Data sources:* Internal data of the company* Web pageII.Economic Analysis of AIMS Human Capital Bulgaria1. Companys BackgroundAims human Capital Bulgaria is a member and representative of one of the top three worldwide leaders in the field of Human Resources consultancy AIMS the Association for International Management Search (www.aims-network.com), headquarters in Vienna, Austria.AIMS Network has more than 250 consultants in 80 offices and 40 countries on 5 continents. The turnover achieved by the member companies in 2000 was 250 million USD and theres a 20% average increase of turnover per annum.AIMS Human Capital Bulgaria was established in 1994 in Sofia, Bulgaria. Today it has more than 130 clients which are major multinational and leading local companies, more than 1000 successful placements, 15 full time employees, more than 1000 contract/leased employees since 1994, 10 editions of compensation and benefits surveys for major multinational companies in Bulgaria (as of December 2001), 3 groups of services representing the full range of integrated Human Resources Solutions.It is very important for every business to know how it fits in and interacts with the surrounding environment on both the international and domestic market. I will focus my analysis on the development of AIMS Human Capital Bulgaria on the Bulgarian Market.2.The services it providesAims Human Capital Bulgaria core areas of expertise are:* Executive Search Solutio ns* HR Consultancy and* Training and Coaching Services1. Executive Search SolutionsAIMS team takes time to understand their clients business and the full scope of each project in order to provide a tailored to the clients needs solution. They are committed to reach the right balance between time and cost efficiency with no quality compromises.The outstanding features that AIMS brings to the Executive Search process in order to ensure quality and reliability, while recognizing that every search is different are:* An extensive network of high-profile executives based on AIMS trustworthiness ; professional reputation* Thorough familiarity with the candidates professional record* Shorter length of the executive search procedure due to extensive knowledge of the key professionals on the local market* Expertise on the top executive market and compensation benefits schemes* Application of uncompromising ethical business standards in attracting and evaluating executives* Observing compreh ensive and meticulous confidentiality throughout the whole executive search process.2. HR ConsultancyAIMS Human Capital Bulgaria is an experienced Human Resources Consultancy company, offering services aimed at supporting the strategic initiatives, and analyzing organizational development options open to clients. The focus of AIMS work is to help business be more effective at managing the human dimension of work.They provide comprehensive analysis and integrated Human Resources solutions to enable clients accomplish their objectives on a long-term basis through on-going support.AIMS provide the best learning and development solutions, from the initial assessment to defining the strategy, developing and implementing the solution, and measuring the results.3. Training and CoachingThe training programs of AIMS are highly interactive and include guided discussions, video case studies, small and large groups activities, role plays, simulations and skill practice accompanies by simultaneo us feedback.AIMS Training Packages:* Effective Leadership* Team Power* Customer Management* Professional Skills* Effective Sales* Power Package for Administrative Assistants3.Target MarketsAims Human Capital Bulgaria focuses on providing executive search solutions, HR consultancy and training and coaching services. The most important clients are executives in larger companies. They are marketing managers, general managers, sales managers, etc.Target MarketsThe most important clients of Aims are the Leading Bulgarian Companies and the Multinational Companies, like Balkanpharma, Globul, Allianz Bulgaria, Bristol Myers Squibb, DHL International, Danone, etc. They are most willing and capable of investing in the HR services. The market share of small businesses its not so big because most of them cant afford this service or are unaware of it.4. SWOT AnalysisThe SWOT Analysis covers strengths (what an organization can do), weaknesses (what an organization cannot do), opportunities (poten tial favorable conditions for an organization) and threats (potential unfavorable conditions for an organization). Strengths and weaknesses are generally internal attributes and opportunities and threats are external.We live in an age of growth, change, and business revolution. The HR business is risky, it offers us a lot of opportunities and threats, but we need to make the dealing with HR one of the biggest strengths, to minimize the weaknesses.Strengths1. True Expertise: The area of the business is known very well. The AIMS experience and expertise is better than anybody else is in the same field.2. Skilled Workforce: The team is small (only 15 employees), but theyve been chosen very carefully, and as a consequence theyre loyal to the company, highly qualified, theyre hard workers and everybody knows what their duties include.3. Companys Name Recognition: AIMS is a very well known name in the HR market, its professional reputation is confirmed over the years.Weaknesses1. Machiner y not up to date: There are very few new computers. Most of them are being up dated, but this is not enough for some of the applications used.2. Suspicion: Still some of the Bulgarian companies are not familiar with the services AIMS provides, so they are a little uncertain when investing in them.3. Marketing: It can be considered as both Strength and Weakness, because marketing strategy is almost entirely focused on the people and the companies that were already clients of AIMS Human Capital Bulgaria. Brochures have been sent to them and theyve been up to dated with information concerning new changes in the company, BUT there are no advertisements in the media, so AIMS can rally only on word of month ads for attracting new clients.Opportunities:1. The present financial position of AIMS is very good, which creates a good reputation for future bank loans and borrowings.2. The skilled workforce means that they can be moved and trained for other areas in the business.3. The HR Business is still not very well developed in Bulgaria so the clients that need such services have a limited resource.Threats:1. Though the HR services are something new on the Bulgarian market, this is a fast growing area and a lot of small HR companies pop up.2. The better advertising of the competitors.How some changes can affect the companys behavior:1) Changes in the Competitive EnvironmentOne of the largest trends in the Bulgarian economy in recent years has been the rapid increase of small businesses. While in 1994 AIMS was one of the few HR companies, today there are hundreds of them on the Bulgarian market, most of them are too small and still not trust-worthy, but anyway they are potential big competitors.2) Changes in the Sociocultural EnvironmentSocial and cultural influences cause changes in the attitudes, beliefs, norms, customs, and lifestyles. A firms ability to foresee changes in this area can prove beneficial, while failure to react to these changes can be devastating.3) Ch anges in the Political/Legal EnvironmentRegulatory actions by government agencies often restrict the activities of companies in affected industries. It is important to identify political/legal threats and opportunities in order to keep an edge on the market (Austainer, 1999)4) Changes in the Internal Organizational EnvironmentVarious elements within an organizations internal environment can also have impact on marketing activities. Changes in the structuring of departments, lines of authority, top management, or internal political climate can all create internal weaknesses that must be considered. It is good to up-date the employees with the changes in the company.It is not simply enough to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of a company. Weaknesses should be looked at in order to convert them into strengths. Likewise, threats should be converted into opportunities. And the strengths and opportunities should be matched to optimize the potential of the fir m.5. Price, Financials and Future PredictionsPrice:AIMS services are adequately priced. Its positioning, as well as its finances, demands high pricing. When a job is exactly their expertise a high pricing is expected. The prices are fixed and they rarely change, of course there are some exceptions depending on the service provided.Ultimately, the clients will risk less with a company with high reputation as AIMS, than with another one thats been just invented. Theres more security when working with world recognized company.Financials:The business plan of the company calls for sales of nearly $2.6 million this year growing to $3.8 million by 2004, on marketing expenses of slightly more than $300,000.It includes two very important things:1. A steady decline in cost of sales and growth in gross margin percentage as more of their resources are build, as full-time personnel and fixed costs instead of contractors and outside consultants.2. A decline in marketing expenses.* Break-even Anal ysisFor consultants, AIMS has a high variable cost of 30% of sales. Turning to experts on a permanent job basis, reduces the risk of fixed costs.This break-even is a reflection of the last year, in which AIMS has built its fulfillment mainly based on variable cost people instead of fixed-cost people.Break-even Analysis$150,000$100,000$50,000$0($50,000)($100,000)($150,000)$0$70,000$140,000$210,000$290,000$360,000Monthly break-even point* Sales ForecastAIMS sales for this year grow from $100,000 per month to $800,000 next fall. The sales forecast is aggressive, assuming financing for the marketing expenses and hiring permanent personnel.* Expense ForecastAIMS projects sales and marketing expenses from $320,000 this year to $450,000 in the next year. This compares to sales increasing in the same period. AIMS believes that effective marketing requires a very high percentage of sales, but over the time they can bring that percentage down to more acceptable levels.The expenses are divided over the two main departments the training department and the consultancy department. Each one of them has its own budget, which includes advertising, public relations, travel, internet traffic, coping and printing expenses and office materials. Theres also a substantial additional budget for contingencies.As we see from the chart most of the expenses are managed by marketing (the advertising or the public relations). The coping and printing expenses are not low too. Thats because a lot of materials are copied and printed for the training seminars, thats why it is known that the AIMS seminars are one of the best, but also one of the most expensive. Most of the time the income covers the expenses, so the financial state of the company is stable.* Sales Vs. Expenses monthly* Contribution marginsThe contribution margin should increase steadily during the next year because of two factors:1. The cost of sales goes down as the HR business is being developed, bringing on the know-how it needs to fulfill the promise it has given to the clients. Risk goes up with the increased fixed costs, but the margins go up too, because cost of sales is less.2. AIMS sales and marketing expenses will stabilize. A decrease in the overall level of expenses is not expected, but they should decline in percentage terms as sales go up.III.ConclusionAs we see from the economic analysis, AIMS Human Capital Bulgaria is one very successful company. Still, there are some things that need to be improved, for example the marketing strategy.The main obstacle I had when writing this coursework was the difficult access to the companys data. The profit and loss account, the pricing and the salaries are confidential information and no big company will reveal them. Anyway, I was provided with some data from AIMS, because Im a member of its team, but the numbers I used are not true, they are similar to them, but I was not aloud tell the real ones. However, the final conclusions are true and as this i nformation is confidential it should not be distributed.

How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay for College Essay Example

How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay for College Essay Example How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay for College Essay How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay for College Essay Essay Topic: Cause and Effect How To Write A Cause and Effect Essay For College A cause and effect essay is a basic essay type that is commonly used in college. However, cause and effect essay writing actually begins when in grade school and is used up through higher education. Understanding cause and effect is extremely important as these types of essays help with critical thinking and understanding of relationship between ideas. Typically a cause and effect essay looks at topics that are multi-faceted and not Just one dimensional to explore the relationship between them. These types of essays create many different types of views typically on the ame topic since each writer will view the cause and effect of different topics and relationships differently. The information within the essay needs to pertain directly to the topic and the cause and effect. There needs to be plenty of research with credible resources cited within the essay. The essay begins with the introduction, which should clearly define the topic that is going to be covered. Many times, the cause or the effect is used as the topic or thesis of the essay. Also, some professors may require that the essay to be written from the cause or the effect view. Alternatively, your essay can also be written to cover what causes create certain effects. Either way, the thesis needs to be clearly defined and easy to understand as well so the reader knows if it is the cause or the effect that is being covered. The rest of the essay is the body and conclusion. The length of the paper will be determined by the professors requirements, as well as how in depth the cause and effect essay needs to be covered. Typically, there are 5 paragraphs that can be used. There is the introduction, three body paragraphs and the conclusion. However, again it will epend on the requirements of the paper and the topic itself. There can also be an introduction paragraph and four or five body paragraphs and a conclusion paragraph as well as other variations. The body of the essay should clearly define the causes or effects, depending on which angle the essay is being written from. Each paragraph should cover one point or topic and then lead into the next paragraph so that all the ideas are connected together. There should be the topic sentence that is used to cover the main idea of the paragraph, and then the rest of the paragraph should go into further detail. This will ensure the causes or effects are clearly defined and there is a proper flow to the paper as well. The last paragraph is the conclusion and you should restate the thesis, but in a different way. It should summarize the entire essay, but there should be no opinion added here. Cause and effect essays are about facts, not opinions. There should also not be any ideas, problem solving or any type of call to action either. The cause and effect essay needs to be stated factually so the reader than draws their own conclusions instead. How to Write a Cause and Effect Essay for College By Jenya-ulyana

How to Use Est-ce Que to Ask Questions in French

How to Use Est-ce Que to Ask Questions in French Est-ce que  (pronounced  es keu) is a French expression that is useful for asking a question. Literally translated, this phrase means is it that..., although in conversation it rarely is interpreted that way. Instead, it is a convenience of everyday French, an interrogatory phrase that easily turns a statement into a question. It is a slightly informal construction; the more formal or polite way to ask questions is with inversion, which involves inverting the normal pronoun/noun verb order. But in everyday spoken French, est-ce que is far more common because it does the inverting for you: Est-ce que is the inversion of cest que. (Note that a hyphen is required between ce and est when they  are inverted to est-ce.) The word order of the original sentence stays exactly the same; you just add the already inverted phrase est-ce que to the front of the sentence. This simple structure works best for yes/no questions. For example:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Tu travailles. / Est-ce que tu travailles?   You work. / Do you work?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paulette la trouvà ©. / Est-ce que Paulette la trouvà ©?   Paulette found it. / Did Paulette find it?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vous navez pas faim. / Est-ce que vous navez pas faim?   You arent hungry. / Arent you hungry? OR Are you not hungry? Note that que must contract when it follows a word beginning with a vowel:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Elle est arrivà ©e. / Est-ce quelle est arrivà ©e?   She has arrived. / Has she arrived?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il y a des problà ¨mes. / Est-ce quil y a des problà ¨mes?   There are problems. / Are there problems?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anny vient avec nous. / Est-ce quAnny vient avec nous?   Anny is coming with us. Is Anny coming with us? To ask questions that ask for information like who, what, where, when, why and how, place an interrogative pronoun, adverb or adjective before est-ce que. For example: Qui est-ce que vous avez vu?   Whom did you see?​Quand est-ce que tu vas partir?   When are you going to leave?​Quel livre est-ce quil veut?   Which book does he want? Remember that est-ce que is the inversion of cest que, meaning literally, It is that. Thats why a hyphen is required between est and ce: cest ce est which are inverted to est-ce. Depending on their place in the sentence, the variations  quest-ce qui and qui est-ce qui  are also useful, but understanding them requires further discussion of  interrogative pronouns. For now, heres a summary. SUMMARY OF FRENCH INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS Subject of question Object of question After preposition People quiqui est-ce qui quiqui est-ce que qui Things quest-ce qui quequest-ce que quoi Additional Resources Asking questions in FrenchFrench interrogativesExpressions with à ªtreMost common French phrases

Does the Problem of Evil Provide a Defeater for the Existence of God Essay

Does the Problem of Evil Provide a Defeater for the Existence of God - Essay Example One of the major functions of religious belief has been to give human beings a structure and a set of codes to help them minimize their exposure to this evil, by concentrating on God and keeping themselves pure and well away from temptations and sins. This paper traces some of the main arguments that have been used throughout history to explain the problem of evil and concludes that it can never be fully explained due to the difference between human and divine ability to understand things. In the simplest terms there is a basic contradiction in the fact that both God and evil exist. We can accept that it is not possible to know where God came from, since he is eternal, having existed always, existing now, and going on to exist for ever into the future. But what about evil? It seems unlikely that a God who is absolutely good would actually create evil. Similarly, if he came across evil arising out of what he created, then it seems logical that a God who is good would eliminate evil from the world, or would prevent it from occurring in the first place. How can a good God stand by and watch terrible injustices, suffering of innocents, or indeed be the cause of these evils? This is a big moral and logical problem which has been tacked from several different angles. From an atheist perspective the answer is quite straightforward: the absence of intervention to stop evil from happening proves that there is no such thing as an absolutely powerful and absolutely good God, as defined in the Judaeo Christian tradition. One solution to the apparent contradiction between the existence of evil and the existence of God, is to argue that God and evil are two separate and different things, and that evil is in some mysterious way the â€Å"opposite† of God. This line of reasoning preserves the absolute goodness of God, and means he is not contaminated by the bad things that happen in the world. From this position it can be argued that that evil is a necessary thing because without it, we would not be able to understand the goodness of God. An analogy from the physical world would be the relationship between light and darkness. It is possible to conceive of absolute light, and absolute darkness, but in these two extreme situations we would be blind, and not able to appreciate anything in the middle of them properly. This is quite a promising line of argument, because it places the problem in the limited, physical nature of man, rather than the realm of logic or ideas. The physical world, unlike the world of pure ideas, is not an absolute situation, and it exists between the extremes of good and evil, in such a way that they set up a contrast, allowing us to operate in the grey area in the middle, an by implication make choices to orient ourselves towards the one or the other extreme. In the history of Christianity this kind of thinking was put forward as a suggestion but quickly condemned, and it is since known as the â€Å"Manichean heresy.† The problem with this line of argument is that it waters down the essential nature of the divine being, in order to explain away the problem of evil. This solution also implies either that evil was co-existent with God from the beginning, so that good and evil define the nature of G od, or that God in some way relinquished some of his omnipotence when he created the earth, and allowed evil to take on existence

The Oil Crises in the 1970s Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Oil Crises in the 1970s - Term Paper Example The oil blockade had a whooping impact on the economies of US and Western nations as they had to pay high prices for their oil imports and transportation cost in those nations became more costly due to the oil embargo imposed OPEC. â€Å"OPEC and its members and OPEC's involvement in the crisis† On October 17, 1973, OPEC implemented â€Å"oil diplomacy’ which banned its member nation’s exports of oil and announced embargo on its exports to Western nations and the USA that supported the war against Israel by Egypt and Syria. This oil embargo had been devastating impact on US economy as it put a full stop to the epoch of cheap gasoline, and the US share markets witnessed an unprecedented fall by about $97 billion followed by the worst economic recession in USA and other parts of the world. OPEC declared that it would penalize those who helped Israel in the War by slashing down the petroleum production by 5% a month till the Israel vacated the occupied provinces by reinstating the rights of the Palestinians over the region. It cited both USA and The Netherlands as the true enemies of Islam and threatened that it would deploy an indefinite ban of export of petroleum products, which would be in operation against Western nations. Customarily, before 1973, oil prices were fixed by Petroleum companies and in December 1973, OPEC announced that henceforth, it would fix the price of the oil products. Due to this, the price per barrel of oil escalated to $11.65 per barrel in December 1973 which was 130% increase as compared 1973 October price and 387% higher than 1972 price level. (www.history.com). â€Å"The Founding of OPEC† OPEC is an intergovernmental institution established on September 10-14, 1960 at the Baghdad Conference by Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait and Iran. Apart from the above five founding members , Indonesia , Qatar ,UAE , Libya , Nigeria , Algeria , Angola , Ecuador and Gabon joined the OPEC later . Initially, OPEC hea dquartered at Switzerland later shifted to Vienna in Austria in 1965. The core aim of OPEC is to coalesce and synchronize petroleum exploration, production and marketing strategies among Member nations so as to secure stable and just prices of oil product, an effective, viable and uninterrupted supply of petroleum products to consumer nations and to secure a just return on the capital employed on the petroleum resources by the oil-producing nations. (www.opec.org). â€Å"Yom Kippur War† This is also known as 1983 Arabs- Israeli War, or Ramadan War, which was waged against Israel by alliance of Arab nations, headed by Egypt and Syria and lasted from October 6 to 25, 1973. In the War, the USA, UK, Netherlands and France supported Israel and aggrieved by this, the Arab nations retaliated with a revolt in 1973 through an oil embargo against Western powers. Arab coalition made a surprise attack on Israel occupied regions on Yom Kippur and Egypt, and Syrian forces entered Golden He ights and Sinai Peninsula of Israel. In the Yom Kippur War, USA and its allied supported Israel by supplying arms while USSR supported the Arab Coalition and this war paved to almost direct confrontation between two superpowers during the cold war regime. In the War, Israel almost captured Egypt’s city of Suez by encircling the Egypt’s Army. In 1978, the Camp David Accord was signed where it was agreed to

Network Hardening Essay Example for Free

Network Hardening Essay Network Hardening Network Layout 4 : VPN (Remote Access Domain) – Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) with VPN software and Secure Socket Layer/VPN (SSL/VPN) tunnels A Virtual Private Network or VPN enables a computer or network-enabled device to send and receive data through shared or public networks as if it were directly connected to the private network, while it’s benefiting from the functionality, security and management policies of the private network. It was created to establish a virtual pint-to-point connection through the using of dedicated connections, virtual tunneling protocols or traffic encryptions. Three Strategies for hardening the network environment 1 Firewall Friendly VPN The increase demands of e-business come with a compelling requirement for data security. Virtual Private Network with IP Security Architecture (IPsec VPN) meets this requirement by providing end-to end encryption and authentication at the IPlayer and protecting confidential data that flows over possibly untrustworthy networks. IPsec has the advantage of a wide scope of coverage and agile granularity of protection; however, incompatibilities exist between IPsec VPN and the Network Address Translation (NAT) that firewalls use. 2 Security policy enforcement: Means of enforcement of security policy should be a primary consideration throughout the research, test and implementation phases of any security technology. Careful research, review of manufacturer’s documentation, questions presented to vendors and manufacturers, and testing of the technology can serve to meet this criteria. Without a method of enforcement, effectiveness of security policy is questionable at best. While audit trails, hardware analysis and security logs should be reviewed regularly; it is a time-intensive process and this alone alerts the administrator to violations and security threats after they have occurred. Without a means of  enforcement, the administrator is risking the security of the VPN by relying upon the remote VPN users to voluntarily comply with policy. As the secure network perimeter is being extended to encompass the VPN client, security policy must be enforced in ‘real-time’ to protect the integrity of both the VPN client and t he network. Having addressed security policy issues that require the VPN client to have antivirus software installed and using the latest update; policy also requires a properly configured personal firewall to be running on the client PC or Laptop, and requires a time limit on inactive VPN sessions. How is this to be made obligatory, and remove the responsibility from the VPN user to voluntarily comply with policy? The answer is as stated above – by defining the need and carefully researching solutions available to fulfill this need. The VPN Concentrator, a managed antivirus package, will fulfill the dictated requirements. 3 Web content filtering: Filtering incoming and outgoing traffic, using signatures, reputation ratings and other heuristics. Whitelist allowed types of web content, preferably blocking all executable content by default and use a process to enable individual selected access if a business justification exists. †¢ Preferably disallow ActiveX, Java, Flash Player, HTML inline frames and JavaScript except for whitelisted web sites. †¢ Preferably use a solution that can similarly inspect SSL traffic for malicious content, especially SSL communications with unfamiliar web sites. †¢ Preferably use technology that automatically opens downloaded files in a sandbox to detect anomalous behavior such as network traffic or changes to the file system or registry. †¢ Preferably, since this approach is more proactive and thorough than blacklisting a tiny percentage of malicious domains. †¢ An example implementation is available at http://whitetrash.sourceforge.net Reference www.computer.howstuffworks.com/vpn.htm www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network www.iprodeveloper.com www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs www.cisco.com/web/about/security/intelligence/firewall-best-practices.html

Techno †Cihuatl: The Birth of a Modern Mexican Female. :: Culture Cultural Mexico Papers

Techno – Cihuatl: The Birth of a Modern Mexican Female I learned about computers and technology a little at a time, from simple games, to web building and heavy use of applications. Some of the knowledge came form a school setting; most of it I acquired from trial and error and by a friend’s teachings I overcame the limitations of growing up in a Third-World country (Mexico) with little access to technology and tried to keep up with its changes as time went by. My country has had a love-hate relationship with the US for a long time. Within the huge Mexican middle class there are different opinions regarding the US way of life. While some people crave to have every single item of "gringo-wealth" such as electronics, clothing and even food, some others are deeply concerned about the "loss of identity" "deculturalization" and hegemony that US-like culture has brought to Mexico. This phenomenon is particularly clear among the generation born in the seventies, especially women. Young Mexicanas that are now in their middle twenties are torn apart between two worlds: First, the technology – driven college education and work that are the symbols of US - imported woman liberation. Second, the motherhood – housewife roles traditionally imposed on them by the Mexican culture along with their religious, mystical, and cultural implications. Instead of marrying both ideas into a nice middle term, Mexican society (which is still a male dominated environment) tends to relegate them apart: either you become a housewife, or a professional. I consider that these extremes are always detrimental. I was the first-born of a young couple fresh out of college. My parents belonged to the first generation of Mexicans that lost their political innocence (and correctness) with the student’s riots of ‘68; they were rebels by nature. My mother was a biochemical engineer in a society where women were supposed to be teachers or housewives. My father was the only one out of five sibling who finished college, and he worked in a transnational firm, which was very odd at the time. Unlike most of our relations, we were no strangers of technology, mainly because we "imported" many appliances from California, where my uncles lived. We had a black and white TV; my father listened music using certain tapes that looked like Nintendo cartridges and he also had acetate discs, we had no telephone, but we were the first family in our block to get a microwave.

20th century poetry Essay

We have been giving to 20th century poems to examine. They are â€Å"Evans† by R. S Thomas and â€Å"Death in Leamington† by Sir John Betjeman. Both poems are about death, but in two very different situations. I will examine the poem Evans first of all. Evans was written by a man called R. S Thomas. He lived from 1913-2000. he was born in Cardiff. He became a clergyman and taught himself welsh so he could work with the people in the hills, because not many of them spoke English at this time. Evans is a 20th Century poem. The poem begins as if the writer is talking to somebody else. It looks like the other person has asked him something like, â€Å"Do you remember a man Evans? † and the writer replies, â€Å"yes, many a time. † The first verse of the poem describes Evans’ house. It talks about the â€Å"bare† stairs and the â€Å"gaunt† kitchen. We can depict from the first verse that Evans was a poor man, his house is not at all well furbished, and he doesn’t have much to his name. Everything that Evans owns has a dull, dreary adjective attached to it, like stark farm and black kettle. His kitchen must be filthy because crickets can be heard. The last line of this verse tells us that he lives on a lone farm upon a hill. From this verse we have found out that this man is poor, lonely and doesn’t really care much about what his house looks like. The 2nd verse tells us that something appals the speaker. He says that it isn’t the darkness around him, which seems to fill his mouth and that it isn’t the tree that the rain drips off. I think the tree is symbolism, because the speaker says, â€Å"of rain like blood form that one tree, weather tortured. † I think he is really describing Evans appearance. The speaker says that it’s the veins of Evans. He sees darkness in them, and that it is â€Å"silting† them. Silt is the thick sandy substance at the bottom of rivers. I think it means that the darkness is trapped in Evans’ veins and that it is slowly killing him. The writer says, â€Å"I left stranded upon the vast and lonely shore of his bleak bed. † The writer believes that he has failed is his job, which is to comfort the sick if they are going to die. The writer feels that he is inadequate and that he hasn’t done what he wanted to. Again we see another dreary adjective attached to one of Evans possessions, his bleak bed. The word lonely is used again here. The writer wants to get the point across that Evans has no one, no family or friends to comfort him, that is why the writer feels so bad that he cant do this for him. This poem is about the bad way to die, all on your own and no one to comfort you. The next poem, Death in Leamington, is about the other way to pass on. Death in Leamington was written by Sir John Betjeman. Poets of his day liked to write poems making fun of the middle class people. The first verse tells us that someone has died, and that it is a woman. It has happened in the late evening. She has died in her bedroom. The room has a plate glass window, which means this place wherever she was staying must has been pretty well off. The second verse gives us a little more insight to the woman. She owned a crochet, which means she must have been quite old. It lay beside her bed, which means she can’t have been too old because she was still able to walk. Again the writer tells us that she is dead.

Role Clarity Through Competency Mapping

04-Oct-12 1 Human Resource Management: Overview Management Essentials †¢ Management is the process of efficiently and effectively achieving the objectives of the organization with and through people. What is an Organization? Purpose Structure People Management Essentials †¢ Primary Functions of Management – Planning – establishing goals. – Organizing – determining what activities need to be done. – Leading – assuring the right people are on the job and motivated. – Controlling – monitoring activities to be sure goals are met. Human Resource Management †¢ process of acquiring, utilizing, improving, and preserving an organization's orkforce. †¢ set of organizational activities directed at attracting, developing, and maintaining an effective workforce. All accomplished to achieve organizational objectives Human Resources Process Recruitment Orientation/ Training Human Resource Planning Performance Compensation E xternal Influences External Influences Disengagement Selection Organizational Boundaries Organizational Boundaries 04-Oct-12 2 HRM Process 1. Human Resource Planning: – Forecasting Demand Supply and Job Analysis. 2. Staffing the Organization: – Recruitment, Selecting, and Orientation. 3. Developing the Workforce: – Training and Performance Appraisal. . Compensation and Benefit: – Wages and Salaries, Incentive and Benefit Programs. Basic Functions of HRM †¢ Staffing †¢ Human Resource Development †¢ Compensation †¢ Safety and Health †¢ Employee and Labor Relations Importance of HRM to an Organization †¢ concerned with the â€Å"people† dimension. – it is both staff (support) function (assists line employees) and function of every manager’s job. Importance of HRM to an Organization †¢ The Strategic Nature – – support the business strategy; †¢ assist in maintaining competitive advantag e. – determines value added to the organization; Importance of HRM to an Organization Changing Environment, Changing HR managers’ roles (HRM today requires a new level of sophistication): – Jobs have become more technical and skilled. – Employment legislation has placed new requirements on employers. – Traditional job boundaries blurred with advent of project teams, telecommuting, etc. – Global competition has increased demands for productivity. Human Resource: Certification Recruiter EEO coordinator Training specialist Labor relations specialist Job analyst Compensation manager HR Certification 04-Oct-12 3 ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON HRM Recruitment Orientation/ Training Human Resource Planning Performance CompensationOrganizational Boundaries External Influences Disengagement Selection External Influences Organizational Boundaries legal considerations political parties unions shareholders society competition customers economy technology un anticipated events labor market HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Internal Environment External Environment Marketing Operations Finance Others†¦ legal considerations labor market society political parties unions shareholders competition customers technology economy unanticipated events Organizational Environments: Review ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON HRM Environmental Influences on HRM †¢ Legal considerations †¢ Labor market Society †¢ Political parties †¢ Unions †¢ Shareholders †¢ Competition †¢ Customers †¢ Economy †¢ Technology †¢ Management Thought †¢ Unanticipated events Environmental Influences on HRM †¢ Legal Considerations – Governmental Legislation; national/local. – Laws directing employer and employee actions. †¢ Labor Market – Potential employees located within certain geographic area; always changing. – Workforce diversity. Environmental Influences on HRM †¢ Society (ethics/soc ial responsibility) – Act ethically and responsibly, to remain acceptable to the general public. †¢ Unions – Group of employees. – Bargain (joint decisions) with management n members’ behalf. – Third party dealing with the company. 04-Oct-12 4 Environmental Influences on HRM †¢ Shareholders – Owners. – May challenge management’s programs. †¢ Competition – In product/service and labor markets. – Maintain supply of competent employees. Environmental Influences on HRM †¢ Customers – Employment practices not to antagonize†¦ – Capable workforce for quality output. †¢ Economy – Booming: difficult getting qualified workers. – Downturn: more applicants available. – Different economies in same country. Environmental Influences on HRM †¢ HR Technology – Innovations has led to Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS). HRIS: (Assignment – WHA T IS HRIS? ) †¢ used to obtain and track information for HR decisions: recruitment, benefits administration, safeguarding confidential information. – Social Networking †¢ Virtual community: people use internet to communicate: blogs, LinkedIn, Facebook, etc. Environmental Influences on HRM †¢ Management Thought (Management practices) – Scientific management – Behavioral approach – System approach (Reading Assignment) – Contingency approach Environmental Influences on HRM †¢ Unanticipated Events – Unforeseen occurrences. – Require tremendous amount of adjustment. CHANGING STRATEGIC ROLE OF HR 04-Oct-12 5Changing Strategic Role of HR †¢ HR’s Changing Role: Questions †¢ Can some HR tasks be performed more efficiently by line managers or outside vendors? †¢ Can some HR tasks be centralized or eliminated altogether? †¢ Can technology perform some of the tasks that were previously done by HR per sonnel? Changing Strategic Role of HR †¢ Who is Responsible for HRM Tasks? – Human resource managers – HR outsourcing – Professional employer organization (employee leasing) – Line managers Changing Strategic Role of HR †¢ Human Resource Manager – Historically , responsible for HR functions. – Staff capacity; support other managers on HR matters. Today, getting smaller. †¢ HR Outsourcing – Transfer of responsibility to external provider. Changing Strategic Role of HR †¢ Professional Employer Organization (Employee Leasing) – Company that leases employees to other businesses: becoming common – Advantages: †¢ Economies of scale. †¢ Greater job mobility for workers. †¢ Job security through leasing company. – Disadvantage: employee loyalty. Changing Strategic Role of HR †¢ Line Managers – Involved, by nature of their jobs. – Now performs HR specialists’ job due to automation processes: †¢ record keeping †¢ recruitment/selection †¢ performance appraisal †¢ etc Questions†¦

Out of this Furnance essays

Out of this Furnance essays History is based on facts; novels are grounded in the authors imagination. Novels make interesting reading but are not particularly useful in studying history. After reading this quote, I thought deeply about was this person was trying to say. There are not many novels out there that can give you a full sense history, but in this book it does. I have recently read Out of this Furnace by Thomas Bell and I believe it to be a real and true statement of what life was like in the mid 1880s. This novel is about immigrants beginning a quest to start the American dream in the United States. Its a new beginning. They wanted to make money, to start a family, and become somebody in this wealth of riches. During the 1880s, there was a large number of immigrants came to the United States to make money. Most of these people must have been unhappy with their native homeland and decided to come over here. The problem with all of these people coming over was the fact that the owners of major companies could take advantage of all these people. With this power they were able to set wages that were extremely low. The immigrants had no other choice but to take these jobs and deal with the low pay. There was a good quote that shows this portrayal. His wages were ten cents an hour, and when bad times came and the company cut wages, nine. It was an excellent month when he made as much as twenty-five dollars (Bell, 21). This still was a problem because many of these people couldnt afford to live at all. Some of them have families couldnt even eat. America doesnt make it so easy for people to become wealthy and have tons of riches. In order for these immigrants to grow in riches, they must start from the bottom and try to move up. Sadly, they begin a long process of trying to show America what they are and what they can do. During these times, man ...

Americas Roadside Architecture of the 1950s

Americas Roadside Architecture of the 1950s Googie and Tiki are examples of a Roadside Architecture, a type of structure that evolved as American business and the middle class expanded. Particularly after World War II, travel by car became part of the American culture, and a reactive, playful architecture developed that captured Americas imagination. Googie describes a futuristic, often flashy, Space Age building style in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s. Often used for restaurants, motels, bowling alleys, and assorted roadside businesses, Googie architecture was designed to attract customers. Well-known Googie examples include the 1961 LAX Theme Building at the Los Angeles International Airport and the Space Needle in Seattle, Washington, which was built for the 1962 Worlds Fair. Tiki architecture is a fanciful design that incorporates Polynesian themes. The word tiki refers to large wood and stone sculptures and carvings found in the Polynesian islands. Tiki buildings are often decorated with imitation tiki and other romanticized details borrowed from the South Seas. One example of Tiki architecture is the Royal Hawaiin Estates in Palm Springs, California. Googie Features and Characteristics Reflecting high-tech space-age ideas, the Googie style grew out of the Streamline Moderne, or Art Moderne, the architecture of the 1930s. As in Streamline Moderne architecture, Googie buildings are made with glass and steel. However, Googie buildings are deliberately flashy, often with lights that would blink and point. Typical Googie details include: Flashing lights and neon signsBoomerang and palette shapesStarburst shapesAtom motifsFlying saucer shapesSharp angles and trapezoid shapesZig-zag roof lines Tiki Architecture Has Many of These Features Tikis and carved beamsLava rockImitation bamboo detailsShells and coconuts used as ornamentsReal and imitation palm treesImitation thatch roofsA-frame shapes and extremely steep peaked roofsWaterfallsFlashy signs and other Googie details Why Googie? Googie should not be confused with the Internet search engine Google. Googie has its roots in the mid-century modern architecture of southern California, an area rich with technology companies.  The Malin Residence or Chemosphere House designed by architect John Lautner in 1960 is a Los Angeles residence that bends mid-century modern stylings into Googie. This spaceship-centirc architecture was a reaction to the nuclear arms and space races after World War II. The word Googie comes from Googies, a Los Angeles coffee shop also designed by Lautner. However, Googie ideas can be found on commercial buildings in other parts of the country, most noticeably in the Doo Wop architecture of Wildwood, New Jersey. Other names for Googie include Coffee House ModernDoo WopPopuluxeSpace AgeLeisure Architecture Why Tiki? The word tiki should not be confused with tacky, although some have said that tiki is tacky! When soldiers returned to the United States after World War II, they brought home stories about life in the South Seas. The best-selling books Kon-Tiki by Thor Heyerdahl and Tales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener heightened interest in all things tropical. Hotels and restaurants incorporated Polynesian themes to suggest an aura of romance. Polynesian-themed, or tiki, buildings proliferated in California and then throughout the United States. The Polynesia fad, also known as Polynesian Pop, reached its height in about 1959 when Hawaii became part of the United States. By then, commercial tiki architecture had taken on a variety of flashy Googie details. Also, some mainstream architects were incorporating abstract tiki shapes into the streamlined modernist design. Roadside Architecture After President Eisenhower signed the Federal Highway Act in 1956, the building of the Interstate Highway System encouraged more and more Americans to spend time in their cars, traveling from state to state. The 20th century is filled with examples of roadside eye candy created to attract the mobile American to stop and buy. The Coffee Pot Restaurant from 1927 is an example of mimetic architecture. The Muffler Man seen in the opening credits is an iconic representation of roadside marketing still seen today. Googie and Tiki architecture is well-known in southern California and associated with these architects: Paul Williams, designer of thousands of mid-century modern homes in southern California, may be best known for the LAX Theme Building, shown on this page bathed in Walt Disney colored lightingJohn LautnerDonald Wexler, designer of many mid-century modern homes in Palm Springs, California, is known for designing the Royal Hawaiin Estates in the early 1960sEldon DavisMartin Stern, Jr.Wayne McAllister Sources LAX Theme Building designed by Paul Williams, Los Angeles airport photo by Tom Szczerbowski / Getty Images Sport / Getty Images (cropped)The Royal Hawaiian Estates, Palm Springs, California, photo  © Daniel Chavkin, courtesy Royal Hawaiian EstatesThe Malin Residence or Chemosphere House Designed by John Lautner, 1960, photo by ANDREW HOLBROOKE / Corbis Entertainment / Getty Images

THE FEDERAL BUDGET PROCESS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

THE FEDERAL BUDGET PROCESS - Research Paper Example BODY 1. The History of the Federal Budget process A. Changes made to the process Prior to 1921 Changes made to the process entail how the federal budget process was prior to the three laws, which govern it today. To begin with, preceding the 1921 budget and Accounting Act, the federal budget process was at the discretion of the Congress. The Congress made decisions on how much it was willing to impose as tax, expenditures to be incurred, and if there was need to borrow funds. This bill was taking for presidential accent each year. The enacted federal budget process could then be transferred to the Executive branch that was bestowed with the responsibility of its execution (Fischer, 1975). Budgetary, fiscal, and economic evolutionary changes necessitated the need for a more coordinated federal budget process. This saw the birth of the Federal Reserve System in 1913 that was aimed at coordinating monetary policies, controlling money supply, and centralizing the regulation of the bankin g system (Anderson, Davis & Gullo, 2003). Budget and Accounting Act 1921 The Act necessitated the need for the President to tender a particular consolidated budget each year for consideration by the Congress in bid to developing a synchronized federal budget process. This Act also brought into implementation the Bureau of the Budget that was aimed at making the presidents’ means of generating a tender more efficient. Consequently, this Act brought to existence the General Accounting Office the aided in accountability checks of the Congress. In addition, this Act provided regulations that inhibited agencies from proposing for supplementary appropriations (Anderson, Davis & Gullo,... The paper tells that the federal budget process has four main functions: responsible for the development of the macro fiscal policy attained through the determination of the proportion of the federal surplus or deficit. Secondly, the federal budget process plays a role in setting priorities across the competing programs and projects requiring the allocation of the limited resources. Thirdly, the federal budget process plays a role in promoting the accountability of agencies responsible for the implementation of fiscal goals contained in the budget. Finally, the federal budget process has a function in promoting consideration of the impacts made by decisions accrued today as pertains to the budget, and economies of the prospect. Federal budget process has evolved with time to accommodate the challenging economic situations. On relevance is the social security benefit, which has attributed to the increase in government deficit. This is since the federal government ends up incurring mor e expenses financing the elderly and compensating retired workers who are not bringing any income to the nation. The Congress has come up with alternatives to the social security benefit like the Individualized Retirement Account and Universal Pensions. Deficits in the federal budget process can be corrected by cutting on the expenditure and increasing the GDP every fiscal year. The federal budget process in bid to cushion itself has also implemented the budget cuts where there is less money in circulation affecting the individual expenditure.

Strategic Management - The Two Men and a Lot of Trucks as a classic Case Study

Strategic Management - The Two Men and a Lot of Trucks as a classic example - Case Study Example The initial capital was only $350 while the labor included only two men and a mother who had a job in the public sector. All that was needed to be done was to haul the things that needed to be transferred, to make sure that nothing is damaged, to deliver it and then unload again and that's it! How hard can that be The crucial point that must be understood is that business ventures involving services and products that are very easy to provide/produce has low market barriers. That is, many people can easily enter the market once they realize how profitable it is. We can therefore expect sever competition. Indeed, there were competitors who even resorted to harassing the owner of the enterprise by calling her to court for a trivial offense. Nonetheless, the company grew and it is because it employed strategic management measures. First in the list is orienting the company to be customer-friendly. As clich as the concept would seem to be, it is still one effective way of generating sales. There are some products, such as necessities like food, where the demand is large and continuous that the supplier does not need to seriously bother with customer concerns. However, people do not move frequently and if they did, they can opt to do it by themselves or choose from a list of home-movers. Being customer-friendly can influence the customer not only in choosing your services but would also entice them to relegate the tasks to you. In moving appliances, there is always the risk of damaging items that may have sentimental value or is just plain expensive that people would not risk others hand ling them. It is important to show that you care and that is precisely what the company did. Next in the measures employed were innovation and focus. The company went as far as establishing a course in handling the items to be transferred. This innovation had the effect of delivering to the public the message that the company was very much into improving itself and was very serious regarding the business. If we are a prospective customer, who would we choose No doubt it would be the one who we perceive to be serious in providing quality service. It is the one who provides value for money. Another innovation that the company employed was to adapt a logo and uniforms both of which endowed them a degree of professionalism. They were not merely some service provider from across the street. The company's logo and uniform were marks that they are legitimate and that they have been in the business for some time. Another right move was for the mother (the entrepreneur) to go full time and quit from government service thereby losing her pension and other benefits. Had she decided to stay in a job that offers her a stable retirement, she would not have managed and guided the company to success. The economic principle that business involves tradeoffs is very much in operation. Another smart move was to franchise the business. Most enterprise owners are afraid to share the business to others because they might fail and drag the company with them. However, the company made sure that all the franchisee and handlers were all properly trained. Franchising the business also provided the opportunity to grow as much needed capital flowed in. It widened the service coverage and can therefore serve much more customers which translate to greater sales. There is much wisdom that can be gleaned from the case of the Two Men and Lots of Trucks all of which are worthy

A REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A REPORT - Essay Example he present study discusses about the multinational firm and FMCG giant Nestle which has been among the pioneers in its product category and has a large number of Billion dollar worth brands under its umbrella. The present study would discuss the strategies that have been adopted by the firm to maintain its profitability in the industry. The study would also analyse the cross business strategies that have been employed at the firm. According to Knoll, Synergy is defined as â€Å"the effect that the combined return of the whole is greater than the sum of the returns from the individual parts†. In corporate world cross business synergy is achieved when the net returns of the combined entity formed by aggregating the different departments and units exceeds the net returns that is generated by a single entity taken as a standalone unit within the organization (Knoll, p.14, 18). The most important strategy of Nestle with regards to corporate synergy was its strategy of integrating the different departments across the organization. This strategy was named as GLOBE (Global Business Excellence) in which the different departments and the suppliers were brought together on a single common platform. This enabled real time information sharing among the different departments as well as the stakeholders that helped in generating greater efficiencies which has resulted in competitive advantage for the firm. All the 23 Research and development (popularly referred as Product Technology Centres) centres of the world were brought together on a single common platform which helped in generating greater innovations in the product line of the firm. The top management of the firm was of the strong belief that in order to sustain profitability the firm needed to continuously innovate its products line and would have to expand much beyond their borders considering the fact that Switzerland offered little potential of being a good market for the firm in terms of market size. Under their

Sports Management Skills

Sports Management Skills Imagine that you are the owner of a professional minor league football team in Cookeville, TN, called the, Cookeville Eagles. You are trying to build a better revenue venue to make your team fiscally stronger and to encourage and promote better attendance. As a result, you have decided to merge with the Tennessee Titans and play half of your game in Cookeville (using TTUs stadium) and the other half in Nashville, TN (using the Titians stadium). Keep in mind, that your team is stationed in Cookeville, TN. The Titans owner and a few members of their executive board graduated from Tech and they desire to give back as alumni. List the five top stakeholders that you would involve upon this new endeavor. Tennessee Titans athletic administration City of Nashville fans Tennessee Tech University athletic administration State of Tennessee government Putnam County residents Describe each stakeholders role, responsibility, and why they were selected to be involved in this process. First, the Tennessee Titans athletic administration would have to agree with the merger for the Cookeville Eagles to play at the stadium. Since a few members of the executive board are Tennessee Tech graduates, they are proud of the city of Cookeville and probably want to see the city improve. Merging stadium contracts has the potential of bringing in more fans for the Cookeville Eagles. It is the Titans athletic administrations responsibility to not only agree with the merging contract, but also provide some support for facility management, security, event staff, and sponsors for the Cookeville Eagles even though the Cookeville Eagles administration will have full responsibility of any executive decisions. The City of Nashville, particularly the fans, are also on this endeavor. The goal of the merger is to promote to the fans and increase the fan base. When playing at Nissan Stadium, Cookeville fans can travel to Nashville to watch the Cookeville Eagles. However, when playing in Nashville, the surrounding fan base can grow based on how the Eagles are promoted to the city of Nashville. The City of Nashville is also responsible for paying for the tax dollars whenever the stadium is being used. Therefore, the fans that live in Nashville are somewhat invested in the Cookeville Eagles. The fans located in Nashville have a significant role during this process. Tennessee Tech University athletic administration is considered one of the top stakeholders because of the facility management at TTUs stadium (Tucker Stadium). As the leaders of Tucker Stadium, the facility staff, event staff, and marketing staff are responsible for the safety, well-being, and promotional offers of the fan base. The athletic administration, which includes the president of TTU, has a role in merging contracts due to Tucker Stadium being controlled by the university. The State of Tennessee, specifically the government, is also an important stakeholder in this situation. The role of the Tennessee state government in this merger has everything to do with the taxes. Since Tucker Stadium is owned by Tennessee Tech and Tennessee Tech is publicly owned by the Tennessee government, the State of Tennessee has some fiscal responsibility to the Cookeville Eagles team since half of their home games are played in Tucker Stadium. The final stakeholder is the citizens of Putnam County. Similar to the city of Nashville fans, the citizens of Putnam County are affected every time a home game is played in Cookeville. Traffic during games could affect the citizens of Cookeville especially since the fan population could increase in size from the merger. Local businesses are affected by the merger since more fans may be attending games. On the opposition, since half the home games are not located in Cookeville, this could have a potential drawback to the local businesses because the fans only attend half of the home games throughout a season. The residents of Putnam County would also have to travel further to attend a home game in Nashville which could be a deciding factor of not attending a game for the fans in Putnam County. The responsibility of Putnam County residents would be to support the Cookeville Eagles which may be difficult when the Eagles play a home game in Nashville. Putnam County residents are the mos t important stakeholder involved in the merging of stadiums since they are the majority of the fan base. As the owner of the Cookeville Eagles you will need to identify what type of leadership style you will execute to begin this process. As a result, list the four types of common leadership styles that are used by sport practitioners in the field of sport management. As a beginning process, the type of leadership I would bring as the owner of the Cookeville Eagles is autocratic. The autocratic leader has the final say, instructs the employees of their duties, and keeps employees under close supervision (Lussier Kimball, 2014, p. 376). Another type of leadership is democratic which involves encouraging employees to make their own decisions, working together with employees, while not providing close supervision (Lussier Kimball, 2014, p. 376). Laissez-faire is a type of leadership that does not involve much input to employees while the employees make their own decisions without the leader following up (Lussier Kimball, 2014, p. 376). Participative style is the fourth common type of leadership. Under this leadership, there is less direction provided to employees because they are highly capable of completing tasks while given encouragement from the participative leader (Lussier Kimball, 2014, p. 389). Although decisions are often made between the leader and the employee, the participative leader rarely supervises (Lussier Kimball, 2014, p. 389). The beginning leadership style of owning the Cookeville Eagles for me is autocratic so I can visually see how tasks are performed to get an idea of work ethic of the administration. It would be difficult to start a leading role not using your own decisions. Therefore, I would trust my instincts and decision-making skills initially. Over time and after things settle down, I would change the leadership role to a participative style so the employees have a positive encouragement to complete tasks and make decisions on their own. As the owner, what type of leadership style would you demonstrate/incorporate, with the stakeholders, upon embarking this new endeavor? Discuss why you selected this type of leadership style. I believe the democratic leadership style is the most beneficial when collaborating with the stakeholders. Encouraging surrounding ideas about decisions allows diversity within the organization which allows the democratic leader to make decisions while having several options. Instead of telling employees what to do, as a democratic leader, I would work closely with the stakeholders and keep an open mind about opportunities. For example, if the Cookeville Eagles decided to merge with Nissan Stadium and host half of the home games at both Tucker Stadium and Nissan Stadium, the opinions of the stakeholders previously mentioned would be strongly considered before making final decisions. Explain in detail what the SWOT analysis is and how it will affect both the Tennessee Titians and the Cookeville Eagles. BE SPECIFIC and VERY DETAILED with the SWOT analysis for this question. (Do not skip the four steps involved in the SWOT) An important step in the decision-making of merging Tucker Stadium and Nissan Stadium is using the SWOT analysis. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats are included in the analysis (Lussier Kimball, 2014, p. 97). Assessing these four characteristics of a strategy are significant for the Titans and the Eagles environment internally and externally (Lussier Kimball, 2014, p. 97). When analyzing the strengths of the Titans-Eagles merger, one of them is essentially doubling the size of the fan base by using two cities because of the promotional and marketing schemes of the Cookeville Eagles. Since Nashville is a large metropolitan area, the economy greatly benefits from professional sports. According to research studied by Robert Wassmer, a professor in the Graduate Program in Public Policy and Administration at California State University, Sacremento, professional sports venues in downtown metropolitan areas provide greater economic benefits to largely populated areas. I must conclude by commending Nelson on his recognition from urban theory and, from the empirical evidence offered by Baade, that the strong possibility exists that a professional sports venue located downtown offers greater economic benefits to a metropolitan area than does one located elsewhere (Wassmer, 2001, p. 270). Nashville and surrounding area would benefit economically from a minor-league football team due to having two professional teams playing in the same stadium. More fans attending the games mean an increase in success for local businesses. Wassmer agrees in the same article, Whether it is publicly or privately financed, a metropolitan area receives the same benefits from an arena or a stadium (Wassmer, 2001, p. 267). Opposing the strengths, weaknesses come with every strategy. One of the most influential weaknesses on merging two stadiums is the local tax dollars. Perhaps most important to the calculation of an appropriate multiplier is the nearly always ignored fact that local public dollars used to finance a stadium or arena require an increase in local taxes or a decrease in local expenditure (Wassmer, 2001, p. 267). Not only increasing local tax dollars, because Tucker Stadium is an entity of the state of Tennessee, but local Cookeville fans would have to travel to Nashville to watch a home game which may not interest the local fan much like increasing tax dollars. Whenever there is a home game in Cookeville, the local residents may also not like all the traffic that comes with an increased fan base, another drawback to increasing the fan base. Unfortunately, another weakness is that Cookeville is not considered a metropolitan area. Although Cookeville is expanding, the population size of the city is not comparable to that of Nashville. Therefore, Tucker Stadium may not draw as big of a crowd as it would a crowd in Nashville. Of course, there are several opportunities to merging the two stadiums. If the merger is successful, the Cookeville Eagles could create enough revenue to build a bigger stadium in the city. If a new stadium is built, employment opportunities increase in the stadium. Although small increases in employment rates arise from a new stadium, larger increases are seen in local businesses because of the sporting event attraction (Wassmer, 2001, p. 267). Regarding metropolitan-wide income increases that could occur from stadia, Mills, like most economists, stressed the importance of counting only spending that would not have occurred in the absence of the sports venue (Wassmer, 2001, p. 267). Residents within the Cookeville area would also spend money on the athletic event instead of an event held outside the area. All these opportunities would result from earning more money from an increased fan base being involved in two cities. Along with the potential opportunity of building a new stadium is the potential of becoming a National Football League team which would be extraordinary for Cookeville. An unfortunate side of merging two stadiums is the potential loss of fans from the city of Cookeville. Some local fans could view that the administration of the Cookeville Eagles may not see that Cookeville is a good enough city to host a minor-league football team. Fans could become discouraged the minor-league football team would even consider separating home games. Utilizing two cities as home field advantage could affect the community in a negative manner and discourage local and community involvement as was the opposite case for Manchester City in 2003 when they considered relocating the stadium because the ticket sales and fan attendance were declining (Edensor Millington, 2008, p. 174). The threat was so severe to Manchester Citys soccer organization, instead of relocating the stadium, the marketing and promotional teams appealed to the die-hard, local fans by promoting detailed t-shirts that united the community (Edensor Millington, 2008, p. 173). In the city of Cookeville, splitting half of the home games could be seen as a way for the Cookeville Eagles to leave Cookeville all together eventually. Another threat is that Nashville may not agree with the merger for the purposes of having Cookeville as a potential rival in the future. If the Cookeville Eagles succeed in rising to the NFL, the Tennessee Titans could lose fans to the rival, Cookeville Eagles since they are in the same state. Discuss and elaborate on why you are for or against the new minor league Cookeville Eagles team. Knowing the city of Cookeville relies on the surrounding athletic teams and is highly involved in the community, a minor-league team would not benefit the city of Cookeville. Continuing with the merger of the two stadiums, I do not agree with either. Since Cookeville revolves around the integrity of the community, the weaknesses and threats outweigh the strengths and opportunities of a minor-league team in the city. The best style of leadership beginning a team in Cookeville is autocratic even though eventually the leadership style would change to allow the employees to voice their opinions. Even though an autocratic leadership style would be the most beneficial for starting off a new professional team, I believe the people and surrounding community have the most important say in bringing a professional minor-league football team into Cookeville. Beginning a team is difficult especially in the city of Cookeville where community members show moderate support the university athletic teams. Because of the difficulty beginning a team and due to a lack of interest in the community football team for the university, it is not in the best interest for Cookeville to invest in a professional minor league football team. As with any new and old sport organization there are risked involved. As a result, you will need to define and explain what risk management entails(do not skip this part of the question). Locate a professional National Football League (NFL) court case associate with risk management. The court cases can focus on one of the following: crowd control safety as it relates to the law, Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) as it relates to facility management, security issues at a professional event, or emergency medical preparedness. Reminder, the court case needs to be NFL related. The goal is to help you be proactive as the future owner of the Cookeville Eagles. Risk management utilizes several resources within an organization to assess, control, and maintain a condition, object, or situation that potentially harms people (Fuller Drawer, 2004, p. 349). The process of risk management requires prevention, communication, and a preparation by all parties involved including facility managers, medical staff, police, paramedics, athletes, event staff, players, managers, coaches, and even the fans. Managing potential risks in an athletic environment is an important detail for sports administrations to provide safety to stakeholders. Practicing emergency situations, correcting stadium ADA violations, and understanding crowd security or traffic control should be priorities for an athletic department every year. Follow the format listed below: Ritchie v. National Football League, State of Hawaii On September 18, 2013, Deb Ritchie (plaintiff) filed a claim in the First Circuit Court of the State of Hawaii against the National Football League (NFL) and the State of Hawaii (defendants). Ritchie claims the defendants violated the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the rehabilitation Act, and state law claims based on Defendants denial for Ritchie to sit front-row during the 2013 Pro Bowl at Aloha Stadium. Share and explain the actual case Both parties have filed motions against each other. The NFL and the State argue that Ritchie has no grounds for disability discrimination claims and did not establish any facts to support claims against ADA violations in Aloha Stadium. While the State sought partial summary judgment on Ritchies Rehabilitation Act claim because Aloha Stadium had received no federal funds, Ritchie sought a summary judgement for the NFL was responsible for all operation decisions in Aloha Stadium at the 2013 Pro Bowl. The State owns and operates Aloha Stadium (page 3). During the 2013 Pro Bowl, the NFL and State denied Ritchie access to her ticket in a front row seat because she struggled with mobility and offered her to sit in the ADA accessible seats (page 3-4). Since the NFL was under license agreement with Stadium Authority, the NFL has the right to decide all operations of Aloha Stadium including security details, staffing decisions, (page 4-6). During the 2011 and 2012 Pro Bowls, Ritchie enjoyed attending the games with her family. She purchased ten tickets to the 2013 Pro Bowl with the intention of sitting in the front row. Before the 2013 Pro Bowl, Ritchie was in an accident that required her to be dependent on a wheelchair and crutches to move. She informed an NFL employee about her status and requested field access to get to her front seat since the wheelchair seating was way up in the endzones (page 8). The NFL responded by accommodating her with accessible seating in a different sectio n and denied Ritchie field access. After a series of emails between security personnel, the plaintiff, and the defendants, the NFL offered Ritchie the same priced seats in ADA accessible seating of the stadium (page 9). Ritchie met with the officials and informed them she would not give up her front row seat, would be able to access her seat with potential complications, and was still intending a field pass offer. The NFL was concerned that Ritchies presence in a non-ADA accessible area would be a risk for her and others around her. The defendants offered her a field passes during the practice day before the pro bowl if she complied with the stadium ADA regulations. Although the Stadium Authority encouraged Ritchie to use her accessible seats offered, they informed her they would not block her from going to her seat as long as she didnt utilize the staff the get there. On game day, Ritchies wheelchair fails which resulted in her asking for assistance to get to her seat. The staff member obliged and gave her a wheelcha ir while assisting her to the seat. However, when the staff member learned that Ritchie was in the front row, he spoke with his superiors about the situation. Ritchie was allowed to sit in the seats if she could get to the seat on her own safely. With bystanders and other stadium authority, Ritchie was not able to make it to her seat without others noticing her off balance and at a high risk of falling yet she blamed her poor coordination on the staff not allowing her to move because they were so close to her. After the attempt of making it to her seat herself and being stopped by the stadium assistant to sit in the ADA accessible seating, Ritchie refused to comply with the stadium rules. If she didnt comply, Ritchie was to be escorted out of the stadium. Ritchie complied and went to her accessible seat begrudgingly. In 2014, Ritchie purchased front row seats for the Pro Bowl again. She was able to make it to her seat with assistance from a person she brought with her which Ritchie claims would have happened in 2013 had staff members not been in her way. There is video evidence of Ritchie using an individuals assistance while going down the stairs in 2014. Ritchie also has plans of attending several Pro Bowls for medical and personal reasons. State the problem For Ritchie to have legitimate claims against the NFL, she had to prove that she suffered an injury, that the injury is related to the NFLs actions, and the injury can be redressed by a decision in her favor. The problem is that Ritchie cannot trace the injury back to the NFL since Stadium Authority had control over the seating decisions and not the NFL. However, according to the license agreement, the NFL had the right to make all decisions regarding Aloha Stadium operations (page 25). Therefore, the NFL was denied its motion that Ritchie lacks standing regarding her disability. Because Ritchie was not allowed to sit in her original seat and the NFL did have control of seating arrangements, the summary judgment Ritchie had against state law claims was denied. The NFL also wanted assertion that all arguments they raised were equally applied to the State of Hawaii. This was denied since most the arguments applied to the NFLs actions. Neither Ritchie or the NFL had appropriate claims a gainst each other. Ritchie refused to take the ADA assigned seating offered to her as a compliment of not being allowed to sit in her purchased front row seat. Meanwhile, the NFL had no support for their claim against Ritchie having no standing of her disability. Share the verdict or final ruling in the case The court denied all motions against both the plaintiff and defendant. However, both parties reached an agreement in that the NFL will not have authority over seating decisions at the 2016 Pro Bowl. Instead, Stadium Authority will have control over the seating decisions. With the motions being denied, Ritchie conceded her ADA claims against the NFL and the case was dismissed (page 19). State if you agree or disagree with the verdict, and why? I agree with the outcome of the case. The NFL offered ADA accessible seating, which Ritchie took stubbornly after a hassle with a staff member, to accommodate a person with a disability. Even though the court case took time to conclude, the correct decision was made after the motions were brought up in the circuit court and denied in the State court. ADA accommodations were offered and accepted eventually, and the act was not violated by the NFL or Stadium Authority. On the contrary, the NFL did not have evidence for their motion against Ritchie having a lack of standing against disability discrimination. Imagine that you are the sport practitioner, what could have been done to prevent this case from occurring? As a sports practitioner, this court case is a tough one to analyze because the NFL and the State of Hawaii did everything correct given the circumstances. Unfortunately for the defendants, Deb Ritchie was not compliant until during the Pro Bowl when she realized she was not able to get to her seat on her own. If a fan purchased front-row tickets in advance and suffered a disability unexpectedly, I would first offer ADA options to the best of my ability just how the NFL did in this scenario. For a while, the communication was back and forth between the two parties involved. The communication was detailed on both ends. The plaintiff was stubborn and did not want to give up her good view for ADA seating that may or may not have a better view. She was finding different ways for her to maintain her seating arrangement by trying to upgrade her accessibility to get to her seat even though that wasnt the appropriate ADA regulation for the stadium. The opposition was being stubborn and did n ot want to offer a field pass where space was already limited and was not ADA regulated either. Through the emails back and forth, the parties remained firm on their positions and Ritchie was to sit in her front-row seat without assistance from the event staff or she would sit in the ADA seats offered to her. Like the NFL in this case, I would have been concerned about how Ritchie was going to get to her seat as well. Not only did she have the potential to harm herself getting to her front-row seat, there was potential of putting others in danger as well. Even though I empathize with her disability, as a sports practitioner, I am thinking of the safety of those in the surrounding environment. I would have required her to take the ADA seating and not offer her to sit in her front-row seat. Instead, I would offer her the same seats for the following year as a compliment. The NFL worked very well with Ritchie. As a sports practitioner, I admire the communication and ability to assist Ritchie even though she did not cooperate entirely at the start. This court case was eye-opening for the future sports practitioner especially with the growing awareness for ADA guidelines in facilities. References Edensor, T., Millington, S. (2008). This is Our City: branding football and local embeddedness. Global Networks, 8(2), 172-193. Fuller, C., Drawer, S. (2004). The application of risk management in sport. Sports Medicine, 34(6), 349-356. Lussier, R. N., Kimball, D. C. (2014). Applied sports management skills. (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Ritchie v. National Football League, Civ. No. 13-00525 JMS-BMK (D. Haw. June 20, 2016). Wassmer, R. W. (2001). Metropolitan prosperity from major league sports in the CBD: Stadia locations or just strength of the central city? A reply to Arthur C. Nelson. Economic Development Quarterly, 15(3), 266-271.